السلطان الغازي محمد الثاني الفاتح (بالتركية العثمانية:
فاتح سلطان محمد خان ثانى؛ وبالتركية الحديثة: Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han II أو II.
Mehmed) والذي عُرف في أوروبا خلال عصر النهضة باسم "Mahomet II"، وهو ذات
اللفظ الذي كان ا
لأوربيون يلفظون به اسم نبي الإسلام، هو سابع سلاطين الدولة العثمانية
وسلالة آل عثمان، يُلقب، إلى جانب "الفاتح"، بأبي الفتوح وأبو الخيرات، وبعد
فتح القسطنطينية أضيف لقب "قيصر" إلى ألقابه وألقاب باقي السلاطين الذين
تلوه. حكم ما يقرب من ثلاثين عامًا عرفت توسعًا كبيرًا للخلافة الإسلامية.
Sultan gaseous Mehmet
II the Conqueror (Ottoman
Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mohammed Khan, second;
and the Turkic-modern: Fatih
Sultan Mehmed Han II or II. Mehmed)
and who was known in Europe during the Renaissance in the name "Mahomet II", which is the same word
that was Europeans pronounce his name
Prophet of Islam, is the seventh state of the Ottoman sultans
and strain Al
Othman, nicknamed, as well as "light", the father of Abu Fotouh
and good things, and
after the conquest of Constantinople
added the title of "czar"
to his titles and
titles of the rest of the sultans
who followed him. The rule of nearly thirty
years I knew a significant
expansion of the Islamic
caliphate.
This is known as the Sultan that is spent completely on the Byzantine Empire after that lasted a centuries and Neva, and is a lot of historians this event finale medieval and early modern times, and when the Turks this event is to "usher in the era of Kings" (in Turkish: çağ açan hükümdar).
Sultan Mehmet continued his conquests in Asia, he united the kingdoms of Anatolia, and incursion in Europe until Belgrade. The most prominent of its administrative departments merged in the body of the old Byzantine dilated at the time of the Ottoman Empire. Notes that Mehmet II was not the first Turkish ruler of Constantinople, was a former Roman emperors, and the so-called "fourth Lyon" (Greek: Λέων Δ) of assets Khozria, and some of these semi-nomadic Turks were living in the plains of the North Caucasus. Mohammed was the second high culture and a lover of science and scientists, spoke a number of languages in addition to the Turkish language, namely French, Latin, Greek, Serbian, Persian, Arabic, and Hebrew
Muslims believe that the Prophet Mohammed bin Abdullah talked about the Prince of princes of the world's best, and it is open from Constantinople and enters within the Islamic state, it was reported in Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal in the Hadith No. 18189:
Narrated Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Abi Shaybah, and I heard I'm from Abdullah Bin Mohammed Bin Abi Shaybah, said Tell us Zaid bin Hubab, he told me Alwaleed bin invasive Almaafra, he told me, Abdullah ibn Bishr Khathaami, from his father, that he heard the Prophet him say: Fhn to Constantinople Flanam Prince prince and yes army that army
Since the reign of Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan has many attempts to open Alkstinih to be the owner of the Annunciation of the Prophet preached by the Prophet - peace be upon him, saying: "To Fhn Constantinople, Flanam Prince prince, but yes the army that the army", it is the owner of that gospel? ... "It Mehmed" the son of the Ottoman Sultan, "Murad II" ...
Childhood "Mehmed" .. and good preparation:
Born "Mohammed" the son of the Sultan, "Murad II" in (27 Rajab 835 AH = 30 of March 1432 AD)
He grew up under the care of his father Sultan "Murad II" Sultans of the seventh Alosmanihalve work on educated and prepared to be worthy of the position of the Sultan, and do its responsibility, Votm "Mehmed" Save the Koran, the Hadith and read, learn and Islamic jurisprudence.
He studied "Mehmed" mathematics, astronomy and the arts of war and fighting, and besides learning languages Arabic, Persian, Latin and Greek, and went out with his father in his battles and conquests.
And then a small principality lah father; trained to manage the affairs of the state under the supervision of a number of senior scholars of his time, which is what the impact in the formation of character Little Prince, and building his thinking to build an Islamic right.
He succeeded Sheikh "Aq Shams al-Din" - and it was one of those who carried on breeding "Mehmet the Conqueror" and educated - to broadcast the spirit of jihad and looking forward to His Excellency things at the same Little Prince, and alludes to him that he intended the gospel of the Prophet - peace be upon him .. He was this suggest a major role in the life of "Mehmed" Venco lover of Jihad, Himma and ambitious, broad culture, and immense knowledge on the art of war and fighting.
· Taking office .. and work to achieve the Annunciation:
After the death of his father Sultan "Murad II" in (5 of Muharram 852 AH = 7 February 145 AD) took "Mehmed" the throne of the Ottoman Empire, and he was a youth young twenty years old, Mmtlo enthusiastic and ambitious, considering the open city "Constantinople" the capital of the Byzantine State controlled .. this dream on the feelings of "Mohammed the Conqueror", became not only speaks in the Open command, nor authorize one who sits with him to talk on the subject is this topic.
The first step in achieving this dream is to control the Strait of "Bosporus" even prevents "Constantinople" of the arrival of any assistance to it from Europe, he built a large fortress on the European shore of the Strait of "Bosporus" and engaged himself with the senior statesmen in the construction work, have not gone three months to build the castle, which has been known castle "Roman", and in the face on the other side of the "Bosphorus" was standing Castle "Anatolia", was no longer possible for any ship to pass without the permission of the Ottoman forces.
In the meantime managed to engineer a genius to make the Sultan "Mohammed the Conqueror," a number of guns, including cannon huge giant had never seen the like before, it weighs 700 tons, and weigh the shell per 1500 kg, and hear Talqath from far distances, and dragged a hundred ox assisted hundred able-bodied men and called on the name of this giant cannon Cannon Royal.
· Open "Constantinople" .. and check the Annunciation:
Having completed the Sultan "Mohammed" preparations creep with his army of (265) thousand fighters of infantry cavalry and with them guns huge even impose a siege on "Constantinople", and began defender Ottoman fired shells at the walls of the fortified city without interruption of day or night, and it was the Sultan surprised the enemy of time to time a new plan in martial arts even crashed the nerves of the city's defenders and broke down their forces.
At dawn on Tuesday (20 May 827 AH = 29 May 1453) succeeded Ottoman forces in storming the walls, relegating the defenders after being unable to stability, and had to flee and escape, and was surprised by the people "Constantinople" flags Ottomans fluttering on the fences, soldiers flowing into the city torrential flow.
Having completed the sustenance of the Ottoman sultan entered the city open, "Muhammad" - which is called from this moment, "Mehmet the Conqueror" - on the back of his horse in a great parade and was succeeded by his ministers and army commanders cheers soldiers that fill the place:
"God willing, God willing, Sultanna live, live Sultanna"
The parade went on until he reached the Sultan Church "Hagia Sophia" gathering where people of the city, and that they knew the arrival of the Sultan "Mehmed" even bowed and knelt prostrate, rising voices crying and screaming do not know their fate and what he will do with the Sultan, "Mehmet the Conqueror."
When he arrived Sultan descended from his horse, and prayed two Thank God Almighty his conquest, then went to the people of the city, and they were still on the way they looked and said to them:
Stood ... Astakimoa .. I am the Sultan "Mohammed," I say to you and to all your brothers and present each day since youre in the lives and safety .. Hrtm.
He then ordered the Sultan "Mehmed" transform the church into a mosque, and authorized it to pray for the first time, and is still known yet Mosque "Hagia Sophia", and decided to take "Constantinople" the capital of the state, and is dubbed "Islam Paul" Aye Dar al-Islam, and then misrepresented after that was famous in Istanbul.
And wire Sultan with the people of the city conduct its mercy and tolerance characterized with what commands us by Islam, he ordered his soldiers good treatment of prisoners and kindness to them, and he himself Pfda a large number of prisoners of his own money, and allowed the return of those who left the city during the siege to their homes.
· After opening the "Constantinople":
Achieved "Mehmed" This is a great achievement in the third and twenty years old, and this was proof of his genius military early, and thus deserved Bishara Prophet - peace be upon him who opens this ancient city.
After this went "Mehmed" to complete his conquests in the country, "the Balkans", enabling the open country, "the Serbs" and "Morh" and "Romania" and "Albania" and the country "Bosnia and Herzegovina", and then looked set its sights to be the emperor of "Rome "and that brings a new addition to pottery open" Constantinople ".
In order to achieve this great hope it was open, "Italy," Prepare for it and equipped a fleet great, and succeeded in landing troops and large numbers of defender near the city of "Ottrant" Italian, and managed to grab a castle, in the (May 885 AH = July 1480).
The determination of "Mohammed the Conqueror" on the take from the city, "Ottrant" base crawls them northward until it reaches the "Rome", and the horror of the European world of this attempt, and wait for the fall of the city, "Rome" ancient in the hands of "light", but death attacked him suddenly as he prepares to achieve this dream in (4 of the first spring 886 AH = 3 May 1481 m), and the whole of Europe rejoiced after hearing the news of the death, and ordered Baba "Rome" that held a prayer of thanksgiving in churches to celebrate this news.
· "Mehmed" .. man taken into account the state and civilization:
Widened the scope of the Ottoman Empire in the era of "light" has greatly expanded not seen before, thanks to his wise leadership and policy wise .. This was not all the achievements of the Conqueror, he was able with the help of some of his men loyal of a constitution for the state derives from the Book of Allah, and the Sunnah of His Prophet, peace be upon him, and committed by the Ottoman Empire nearly four centuries.
He was able despite the concern of the establishment of more than 300 mosques, including in the capital, "Istanbul" alone (192), a mosque and a mosque, in addition to (57) School, and months, the effects of architectural Mosque "Sultan Mohammed," the collector "Abu Ayyub al-Ansari" , and the Palace "Galatasaray brick cellar."
The famous "Mehmed" that he was a lover of literature, and was a poet glorious loves reading and attends them, and accompanied by scientists, poets, and given some positions of the ministry, and if he heard the world of great art from the Arts gave him help and assistance, or ask him to come to the "Istanbul" to take advantage of his knowledge.
· Personal "Mehmet the Conqueror":
Was "Mehmed" a practicing Muslim, the provisions of the Islamic Sharia, and a good man, thanks to growing up that influenced the great influence, but his behavior was a military civilized behavior not seen in Europe in the middle ages.
Has achieved "Conqueror" greatest achievements open city "Constantinople" ancient powers thanks to his ambition planted by the teachers, and the impression of him as a hero who will open on his hands "Constantinople".
And sought "Conqueror" to achieve his dreams and hard work of seeking continuous and systematic planning, before that besieges "Constantinople" Get ready for it by pouring guns and create fleets and take advantage of all the possibilities that help him to victory.
Higher ambition, determination and resolve, and seek to target, succeeded "Conqueror" in making the dream a reality, and the reality of security, and be one of the heroes of Islam and con
يُعرف هذا السلطان بأنه هو من قضى نهائيًا على الإمبراطورية
البيزنطية بعد أن استمرّت أحد عشر قرنًا ونيفًا، ويعتبر الكثير من المؤرخين هذا الحدث
خاتمة العصور الوسطى وبداية العصور الحديثة، وعند الأتراك فهذا الحدث هو "فاتحة
عصر الملوك" (بالتركية: çağ açan hükümdar).
تابع السلطان محمد فتوحاته في آسيا، فوحّد ممالك الأناضول،
وتوغّل في أوروبا حتى بلغراد. من أبرز أعماله الإدارية دمجه للإدارات البيزنطية القديمة
في جسم الدولة العثمانية المتوسعة آنذاك. يُلاحظ أن محمد الثاني لم يكن أول حاكم تركي
للقسطنطينية، فقد كان أحد الأباطرة الروم السابقين، والمدعو "ليون الرابع"
(باليونانية: Λέων Δ΄) من أصول خزرية، وهؤلاء قوم من الترك شبه رحّل كانوا يقطنون سهول
شمال القوقاز. كان محمد الثاني عالي الثقافة ومحبًا للعلم والعلماء، وقد تكلّم عدداً
من اللغات إلى جانب اللغة التركية، وهي: الفرنسية، اللاتينية، اليونانية، الصربية،
الفارسية، العربية، والعبرية
يؤمن المسلمون بأن النبي محمد بن عبد الله تحدث عن أمير
من أفضل أمراء العالم، وأنه هو من سيفتح القسطنطينية ويُدخلها ضمن الدولة الإسلامية،
فقد ورد في مسند أحمد بن حنبل في الحديث رقم 18189:
حَدَّثَنَا
عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، وَسَمِعْتُهُ أَنَا مِنْ عَبْدِ
اللَّهِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، قَالَ حَدّثَنَا زَيْدُ بْنُ الْحُبَابِ،
قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ الْمُغِيرَةِ الْمَعَافِرِيُّ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي
عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ بِشْرٍ الْخَثْعَمِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ النَّبِيَّ
صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ: لَتُفْتَحَنَّ الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةُ فَلَنِعْمَ الْأَمِيرُ
أَمِيرُهَا وَلَنِعْمَ الْجَيْشُ ذَلِكَ الْجَيْشُ
منذ عهد معاوية
بن أبى سفيان قام الكثير بمحاولات فتح القسطينية ليكون صاحب البشارة النبوية التي بشر
بها النبي – صلى الله عليه وسلم- بقوله :" لتفتحن القسطنطينية ، فلنعم الأمير
أميرها ، ولنعم الجيش ذلك الجيش" ، فمن هو صاحب تلك البشارة ؟...إنه "محمد
الفاتح" ابن السلطان العثماني "مراد الثاني"...
طفولة
"محمد الفاتح" .. والإعداد الجيد :
ولد "محمد" ابن السلطان "مراد الثاني"
في (27من رجب 835 ﻫ = 30 من مارس 1432م)
ونشأ تحت رعاية
أبيه السلطان "مراد الثاني" سابع سلاطين الدولة العثمانيةالذي عمل على تعليمه
وإعداده ليكون جديرًا بمنصب السلطان ، والقيام بمسئوليته ، فأتم "محمد الفاتح"
حفظ القرآن ، وقرأ الحديث النبوي ، وتعلم الفقه الإسلامي .
ودرس "محمد الفاتح" الرياضيات والفلك وفنون الحرب والقتال ، وإلى جانب
ذلك تعلم اللغات العربية والفارسية واللاتينية واليونانية ، وخرج مع أبيه في معاركه
وفتوحاته .
ثم ولاه أبوه إمارة صغيرة ؛ ليتدرب على إدارة شئون الدولة
تحت إشراف عدد من كبار علماء عصره ، وهو ما أثر في تكوين شخصية الأمير الصغير ، وبناء
تفكيره بناءً إسلاميًّا صحيحًا .
وقد نجح الشيخ "آق شمس الدين "- وكان واحدًا
ممن قام على تربية "محمد الفاتح" وتعليمه – في بث روح الجهاد والتطلع إلى
معالي الأمور في نفس الأمير الصغير، وأن يلمح له بأنه المقصود ببشارة النبي – صلى الله
عليه وسلم- .. وكان لهذا الإيحاء دور كبير في حياة "محمد الفاتح" فنشأ محبًّا
للجهاد ، عالي الهمة والطموح ، واسع الثقافة ، وعلى معرفة هائلة بفنون الحرب والقتال
.
· توليه الحكم
.. والعمل على تحقيق البشارة :
وبعد وفاة أبيه
السلطان "مراد الثاني" في (5 من المحرم 852 ﻫ = 7 من فبراير 145 م) تولى
"محمد الفاتح" عرش الدولة العثمانية ، وكان شابًّا فتيًّا في العشرين من
عمره ، ممتلأ حماسًا وطموحًا ، يفكر في فتح مدينة "القسطنطينية" عاصمة الدولة
البيزنطية .. وسيطر هذا الحلم على مشاعر "محمد الفاتح" ، فأصبح لا يتحدث
إلا في أمر الفتح ، ولا يأذن لأحد ممن يجلس معه أن يتحدث في موضوع غير هذا الموضوع
.
وكانت الخطوة الأولى في تحقيق هذا الحلم هو السيطرة على
مضيق "البسفور" حتى يمنع "القسطنطينية" من وصول أية مساعدات لها
من أوروبا ، فبنى قلعة كبيرة على الشاطئ الأوروبي من مضيق "البسفور" ، واشترك
هو بنفسه مع كبار رجال الدولة في أعمال البناء ، ولم تمض ثلاثة أشهر حتى تم بناء القلعة
التي عرفت بقلعة "الروم" ، وفى مواجهتها على الضفة الأخرى من "البسفور"
كانت تقف قلعة "الأناضول" ، ولم يعد ممكنًا لأي سفينة أن تمر دون إذن من
القوات العثمانية .
وفى أثناء ذلك نجح مهندس نابغة أن يصنع للسلطان "محمد
الفاتح" عددًا من المدافع ، من بينها مدفع ضخم عملاق لم يُرَ مثله من قبل ، كان
يزن (700) طن، وتزن القذيفة الواحدة (1500) كيلو جرام، وتسمع طلقاته من مسافات بعيدة
، ويجره مائة ثور يساعدها مائة من الرجال الأشداء وأطلق على هذا المدفع العملاق اسم
المدفع السلطاني .
· فتح
"القسطنطينية" .. وتحقق البشارة :
وبعد أن أتم السلطان "محمد" استعداداته زحف بجيشه
البالغ (265) ألف مقاتل من المشاة الفرسان ومعهم المدافع الضخمة حتى فرض حصاره حول
"القسطنطينية" ، وبدأت المدافع العثمانية تطلق قذائفها على أسوار المدينة
الحصينة دون انقطاع ليلاً أو نهارًا ، وكان السلطان يفاجئ عدوه من وقت لآخر بخطة جديدة
في فنون القتال حتى تحطمت أعصاب المدافعين عن المدينة وانهارت قواهم .
وفى فجر يوم الثلاثاء الموافق (20من جمادى الأولى 827 ﻫ
= 29 من مايو 1453 م) نجحت القوات العثمانية في اقتحام الأسوار ، وزحزحة المدافعين
عنها بعد أن عجزوا عن الثبات ، واضطروا للهرب والفرار ، وفوجئ أهالي "القسطنطينية"
بأعلام العثمانيين ترفرف على الأسوار ، وبالجنود تتدفق إلى داخل المدينة كالسيل المتدفق
.
وبعد أن أتمت القوت العثمانية فتح المدينة دخل السلطان
"محمد"- الذي أطلق عليه من هذه اللحظة "محمد الفاتح" – على ظهر
جواده في موكب عظيم وخلفه وزراؤه وقادة جيشه وسط هتافات الجنود التي تملأ المكان :
"ما شاء الله ، ما شاء الله ، يحيا سلطاننا ، يحيا
سلطاننا "
ومضى موكب السلطان حتى بلغ كنيسة "آيا صوفيا"
حيث تجمع أهالي المدينة ، وما إن علموا بوصول السلطان "محمد الفاتح" حتى
خرُّوا ساجدين وراكعين ، ترتفع أصواتهم بالبكاء والصراخ لا يعرفون مصيرهم وماذا سيفعل
معهم السلطان "محمد الفاتح" .
ولما وصل السلطان
نزل عن فرسه ، وصلى ركعتين شكراً لله على توفيقه له بالفتح ، ثم توجه إلى أهالي المدينة
، وكانوا لا يزالون على هيئتهم وقال لهم :
قفوا ... استقيموا .. فأنا السلطان "محمد" أقول
لكم ولجميع إخوانكم ولكل الموجودين إنكم منذ اليوم في أمان على حياتكم وحرياتكم ..
.
ثم أمر السلطان "محمد الفاتح" بتحويل الكنيسة
إلى مسجد ، وأذن فيه بالصلاة لأول مرة ، ولا يزال يعرف حتى الآن بجامع "آيا صوفيا"
، وقرر اتخاذ "القسطنطينية" عاصمة لدولته ، وأطلق عليها اسم "إسلام
بول" آي دار الإسلام ، ثم حرفت بعد ذلك واشتهرت بإستانبول .
وسلك السلطان مع أهالي المدينة سلوكًا به رحمة وتسامح يتسم
مع ما يأمرنا به الإسلام ، فأمر جنوده بحسن معاملة الأسرى والرفق بهم ، وقام بنفسه
بفداء عدد كبير من الأسرى من ماله الخاص ، وسمح بعودة الذين غادروا المدينة في أثناء
الحصار إلى منازلهم .
· ما بعد
فتح "القسطنطينية" :
حقق "محمد الفاتح" هذا الإنجاز الكبير وهو في
الثالثة والعشرين من عمره ، وكان هذا دليلاً على نبوغه العسكري المبكر ، واستحق بذلك
بشارة النبي – صلى الله عليه وسلم- لمن يفتح هذه المدينة العريقة .
وبعد هذا اتجه "محمد الفاتح" إلى استكمال فتوحاته
في بلاد "البلقان" ، فتمكن من فتح بلاد "الصرب" و"المورة"
و"رومانيا" و"ألبانيا" وبلاد "البوسنة والهرسك" ، ثم
تطلعت أنظاره إلى أن يكون إمبراطورًا على "روما" وأن يجمع فخارًا جديدًا
إلى جانب فتحه "القسطنطينية" .
ولكي يحقق هذا الأمل الكبير كان عليه أن يفتح "إيطاليا"
، فاستعد لذلك وجهز أسطولاً عظيمًا ، ونجح في إنزال قواته وأعداد كبيرة من مدافعه بالقرب
من مدينة "أوترانت" الإيطالية ، وتمكن من الاستيلاء على قلعتها ، وذلك في
(جمادى الأولى 885 ﻫ = يوليو 1480م) .
وعزم "محمد الفاتح" على أن يتخذ من مدينة
"أوترانت" قاعدة يزحف منها شمالاً حتى يصل إلى "روما" ، وفزع العالم
الأوروبي من هذه المحاولة ، وانتظر سقوط مدينة "روما" العريقة في يد
"الفاتح" ، لكن الموت هاجمه فجأة وهو يستعد لتحقيق هذا الحلم في (4 من ربيع
الأول 886 ه = 3 من مايو 1481م) ، وابتهجت أوروبا كلها بعد سماعها نبأ الوفاة ، وأمر
بابا "روما" أن تقام صلاة الشكر في الكنائس ابتهاجًا بهذا النبأ .
· "محمد
الفاتح" .. رجل دولة وراعى حضارة :
اتسعت رقعة الدولة العثمانية في عهد "الفاتح"
اتساعًا كبيرًا لم تشهده من قبل بفضل قيادته الحكيمة وسياسته الرشيدة .. ولم يكن ذلك
كل إنجازات الفاتح ، فقد استطاع بمساعدة بعض رجاله الأوفياء من وضع دستور للدولة مستمد
من كتاب الله تعالى ، وسنة نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم ، والتزمت به الدولة العثمانية
ما يقرب من أربعة قرون .
واستطاع على الرغم من انشغاله من إنشاء أكثر من (300) مسجد
، منها في العاصمة "إستانبول" وحدها (192) مسجدًا وجامعًا ، بالإضافة إلى
(57) مدرسة ، ومن أشهر آثاره المعمارية مسجد "السلطان محمد" ، وجامع
"أبى أيوب الأنصاري"، وقصر "سراي طوب قبو".
واشتهر "محمد الفاتح" بأنه كان محبًّا للأدب
، وكان شاعرًا مجيدًا يحب القراءة ويداوم عليها ، ويصاحب العلماء والشعراء ، ويولى
بعضهم مناصب الوزارة ، وكان إذا سمع بعالم كبير في فن من الفنون قدم له العون والمساعدة
، أو يطلب منه أن يأتى إلى "إستانبول" للاستفادة من علمه .
· شخصية
"محمد الفاتح" :
كان "محمد الفاتح" مسلمًا ملتزمًا بأحكام الشريعة
الإسلامية ، ورجلاً صالحًا بفضل نشأته التي أثرت فيه تأثيرًا عظيمًا ، أما سلوكه العسكري
فكان سلوكًا متحضرًا لم تشهده أوروبا في عصورها الوسطى .
وقد حقق "الفاتح" أعظم إنجازاته بفتح مدينة
"القسطنطينية" العريقة بفضل طموحه القوى الذي زرعه فيه أساتذته ، والإيحاء
له بأنه البطل الذي ستفتح على يديه " القسطنطينية" .
وسعى "الفاتح " إلى تحقيق أحلامه بالسعي الجاد
والعمل المستمر والتخطيط المنظم، فقبل أن يحاصر "القسطنطينية" استعد لذلك
بصب المدافع وإنشاء الأساطيل والاستفادة من كل الإمكانيات التي تساعده في النصر .
بالطموح العالي ، والعزيمة والإصرار ، والسعى إلى الهدف
، نجح "الفاتح" في جعل الحلم حقيقة ، والأمنية واقعًا ، وأن يكون واحدًا
من أبطال الإسلام والفاتحين الكبار .
This is known as the Sultan that is spent completely on the Byzantine Empire after that lasted a centuries and Neva, and is a lot of historians this event finale medieval and early modern times, and when the Turks this event is to "usher in the era of Kings" (in Turkish: çağ açan hükümdar).
Sultan Mehmet continued his conquests in Asia, he united the kingdoms of Anatolia, and incursion in Europe until Belgrade. The most prominent of its administrative departments merged in the body of the old Byzantine dilated at the time of the Ottoman Empire. Notes that Mehmet II was not the first Turkish ruler of Constantinople, was a former Roman emperors, and the so-called "fourth Lyon" (Greek: Λέων Δ) of assets Khozria, and some of these semi-nomadic Turks were living in the plains of the North Caucasus. Mohammed was the second high culture and a lover of science and scientists, spoke a number of languages in addition to the Turkish language, namely French, Latin, Greek, Serbian, Persian, Arabic, and Hebrew
Muslims believe that the Prophet Mohammed bin Abdullah talked about the Prince of princes of the world's best, and it is open from Constantinople and enters within the Islamic state, it was reported in Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal in the Hadith No. 18189:
Narrated Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Abi Shaybah, and I heard I'm from Abdullah Bin Mohammed Bin Abi Shaybah, said Tell us Zaid bin Hubab, he told me Alwaleed bin invasive Almaafra, he told me, Abdullah ibn Bishr Khathaami, from his father, that he heard the Prophet him say: Fhn to Constantinople Flanam Prince prince and yes army that army
Since the reign of Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan has many attempts to open Alkstinih to be the owner of the Annunciation of the Prophet preached by the Prophet - peace be upon him, saying: "To Fhn Constantinople, Flanam Prince prince, but yes the army that the army", it is the owner of that gospel? ... "It Mehmed" the son of the Ottoman Sultan, "Murad II" ...
Childhood "Mehmed" .. and good preparation:
Born "Mohammed" the son of the Sultan, "Murad II" in (27 Rajab 835 AH = 30 of March 1432 AD)
He grew up under the care of his father Sultan "Murad II" Sultans of the seventh Alosmanihalve work on educated and prepared to be worthy of the position of the Sultan, and do its responsibility, Votm "Mehmed" Save the Koran, the Hadith and read, learn and Islamic jurisprudence.
He studied "Mehmed" mathematics, astronomy and the arts of war and fighting, and besides learning languages Arabic, Persian, Latin and Greek, and went out with his father in his battles and conquests.
And then a small principality lah father; trained to manage the affairs of the state under the supervision of a number of senior scholars of his time, which is what the impact in the formation of character Little Prince, and building his thinking to build an Islamic right.
He succeeded Sheikh "Aq Shams al-Din" - and it was one of those who carried on breeding "Mehmet the Conqueror" and educated - to broadcast the spirit of jihad and looking forward to His Excellency things at the same Little Prince, and alludes to him that he intended the gospel of the Prophet - peace be upon him .. He was this suggest a major role in the life of "Mehmed" Venco lover of Jihad, Himma and ambitious, broad culture, and immense knowledge on the art of war and fighting.
· Taking office .. and work to achieve the Annunciation:
After the death of his father Sultan "Murad II" in (5 of Muharram 852 AH = 7 February 145 AD) took "Mehmed" the throne of the Ottoman Empire, and he was a youth young twenty years old, Mmtlo enthusiastic and ambitious, considering the open city "Constantinople" the capital of the Byzantine State controlled .. this dream on the feelings of "Mohammed the Conqueror", became not only speaks in the Open command, nor authorize one who sits with him to talk on the subject is this topic.
The first step in achieving this dream is to control the Strait of "Bosporus" even prevents "Constantinople" of the arrival of any assistance to it from Europe, he built a large fortress on the European shore of the Strait of "Bosporus" and engaged himself with the senior statesmen in the construction work, have not gone three months to build the castle, which has been known castle "Roman", and in the face on the other side of the "Bosphorus" was standing Castle "Anatolia", was no longer possible for any ship to pass without the permission of the Ottoman forces.
In the meantime managed to engineer a genius to make the Sultan "Mohammed the Conqueror," a number of guns, including cannon huge giant had never seen the like before, it weighs 700 tons, and weigh the shell per 1500 kg, and hear Talqath from far distances, and dragged a hundred ox assisted hundred able-bodied men and called on the name of this giant cannon Cannon Royal.
· Open "Constantinople" .. and check the Annunciation:
Having completed the Sultan "Mohammed" preparations creep with his army of (265) thousand fighters of infantry cavalry and with them guns huge even impose a siege on "Constantinople", and began defender Ottoman fired shells at the walls of the fortified city without interruption of day or night, and it was the Sultan surprised the enemy of time to time a new plan in martial arts even crashed the nerves of the city's defenders and broke down their forces.
At dawn on Tuesday (20 May 827 AH = 29 May 1453) succeeded Ottoman forces in storming the walls, relegating the defenders after being unable to stability, and had to flee and escape, and was surprised by the people "Constantinople" flags Ottomans fluttering on the fences, soldiers flowing into the city torrential flow.
Having completed the sustenance of the Ottoman sultan entered the city open, "Muhammad" - which is called from this moment, "Mehmet the Conqueror" - on the back of his horse in a great parade and was succeeded by his ministers and army commanders cheers soldiers that fill the place:
"God willing, God willing, Sultanna live, live Sultanna"
The parade went on until he reached the Sultan Church "Hagia Sophia" gathering where people of the city, and that they knew the arrival of the Sultan "Mehmed" even bowed and knelt prostrate, rising voices crying and screaming do not know their fate and what he will do with the Sultan, "Mehmet the Conqueror."
When he arrived Sultan descended from his horse, and prayed two Thank God Almighty his conquest, then went to the people of the city, and they were still on the way they looked and said to them:
Stood ... Astakimoa .. I am the Sultan "Mohammed," I say to you and to all your brothers and present each day since youre in the lives and safety .. Hrtm.
He then ordered the Sultan "Mehmed" transform the church into a mosque, and authorized it to pray for the first time, and is still known yet Mosque "Hagia Sophia", and decided to take "Constantinople" the capital of the state, and is dubbed "Islam Paul" Aye Dar al-Islam, and then misrepresented after that was famous in Istanbul.
And wire Sultan with the people of the city conduct its mercy and tolerance characterized with what commands us by Islam, he ordered his soldiers good treatment of prisoners and kindness to them, and he himself Pfda a large number of prisoners of his own money, and allowed the return of those who left the city during the siege to their homes.
· After opening the "Constantinople":
Achieved "Mehmed" This is a great achievement in the third and twenty years old, and this was proof of his genius military early, and thus deserved Bishara Prophet - peace be upon him who opens this ancient city.
After this went "Mehmed" to complete his conquests in the country, "the Balkans", enabling the open country, "the Serbs" and "Morh" and "Romania" and "Albania" and the country "Bosnia and Herzegovina", and then looked set its sights to be the emperor of "Rome "and that brings a new addition to pottery open" Constantinople ".
In order to achieve this great hope it was open, "Italy," Prepare for it and equipped a fleet great, and succeeded in landing troops and large numbers of defender near the city of "Ottrant" Italian, and managed to grab a castle, in the (May 885 AH = July 1480).
The determination of "Mohammed the Conqueror" on the take from the city, "Ottrant" base crawls them northward until it reaches the "Rome", and the horror of the European world of this attempt, and wait for the fall of the city, "Rome" ancient in the hands of "light", but death attacked him suddenly as he prepares to achieve this dream in (4 of the first spring 886 AH = 3 May 1481 m), and the whole of Europe rejoiced after hearing the news of the death, and ordered Baba "Rome" that held a prayer of thanksgiving in churches to celebrate this news.
· "Mehmed" .. man taken into account the state and civilization:
Widened the scope of the Ottoman Empire in the era of "light" has greatly expanded not seen before, thanks to his wise leadership and policy wise .. This was not all the achievements of the Conqueror, he was able with the help of some of his men loyal of a constitution for the state derives from the Book of Allah, and the Sunnah of His Prophet, peace be upon him, and committed by the Ottoman Empire nearly four centuries.
He was able despite the concern of the establishment of more than 300 mosques, including in the capital, "Istanbul" alone (192), a mosque and a mosque, in addition to (57) School, and months, the effects of architectural Mosque "Sultan Mohammed," the collector "Abu Ayyub al-Ansari" , and the Palace "Galatasaray brick cellar."
The famous "Mehmed" that he was a lover of literature, and was a poet glorious loves reading and attends them, and accompanied by scientists, poets, and given some positions of the ministry, and if he heard the world of great art from the Arts gave him help and assistance, or ask him to come to the "Istanbul" to take advantage of his knowledge.
· Personal "Mehmet the Conqueror":
Was "Mehmed" a practicing Muslim, the provisions of the Islamic Sharia, and a good man, thanks to growing up that influenced the great influence, but his behavior was a military civilized behavior not seen in Europe in the middle ages.
Has achieved "Conqueror" greatest achievements open city "Constantinople" ancient powers thanks to his ambition planted by the teachers, and the impression of him as a hero who will open on his hands "Constantinople".
And sought "Conqueror" to achieve his dreams and hard work of seeking continuous and systematic planning, before that besieges "Constantinople" Get ready for it by pouring guns and create fleets and take advantage of all the possibilities that help him to victory.
Higher ambition, determination and resolve, and seek to target, succeeded "Conqueror" in making the dream a reality, and the reality of security, and be one of the heroes of Islam and con
